作文写作基础：应用文写作_1800字

一、结构的含义和作用

I. The meaning and role of the structure

1、掌握结构的含义应用文的结构，是运用材料以表现主题的有序安排，是客观事物条理性在文章中的反映，为文章的组织形式和内部构造。文章的结构具有两重含义：一是宏观结构，即文章的总体构思、大体框架；二是微观结构，即对文章的层次、段落、开头、结尾、过渡、照应和主次的具体设计。

1. Master the structure of the meaning of the structure of the structure is to use the material to express the orderly arrangement of the theme. It is the reflection of objective things in the article, which is the organizational form and internal structure of the article.The structure of the article has two meanings: one is the macro structure, that is, the overall idea and general framework of the article; the other is the micro structure, that is, the specific design of the level, paragraph, beginning, ending, transition, illumination, and primary and secondary design of the article.

2、了解结构的作用结构好比文章的骨架，是安排文章的具体形式，是将材料化为文章的手段之二。结构是表现主题的手段，是准确表达主题的必由之路，也是引导读者领会文章思想内容的向导。写文章只有找到恰当完美的结构形式，才能把主题和材料组合在一起，形成一个完美有机的整体。其作用具体表现在：

2. Understanding the role of the structure is like the skeleton of the article. It is the specific form of arranging the article. It is the two means to turn materials into articles.Structure is a means to express the theme, the only way to express the theme accurately, and it is also the guide to guide readers to understand the ideas of the article.Only by finding an appropriate and perfect structural form can we combine the theme and material to form a perfect and organic whole.The role of its role is exactly:

（１）使文章言之有体。应用文大多有较固定的结构形态，它是人们在长期写作实践中经过选择，逐步找到的最适合表现某种内容的形式，也称之为“程式”。如简报、书信和行政公文类文书，具有相当固定的惯用格式。

(1) Make the article.Most of the application texts have a fixed structural form. It is a form that people have selected in long -term writing practice and gradually found for some kind of content, also known as "program".Such as briefing, letter, and administrative document documents have a considerable custom format.

（２）使文章言之有序。合理安排文章结构，就是根据一定的思路，将零散的材料组织起来，使之眉目清楚地成为一个有机的整体。

(2) The article is in order.The reasonable arrangement of the article is to organize the scattered materials according to a certain idea to make it clear into an organic whole.

（３）使文章言之有文。精心安排文章结构，可以增加文章的文采，从而增强其可读性。

(3) There is an article in the article.Carefully arrange the structure of the article can increase the literary talent of the article, thereby enhancing its readability.

二、安排结构的条件

2. Conditions for arranging structures

1.了解思路的含义及思路与结构的关系

1. Understand the meaning and relationship between ideas and ideas and structures

在文章结构的两重含义中，总体构思是具体设计的前提和基础。总体构思也就是人们常说的“言有序”，是指对材料的安排要有次序，这体现了作者的思路。思路是安排结构的条件。

In the two meanings of the structure of the article, the overall idea is the prerequisite and foundation of the specific design.Overall ideas, which are often called "orderly", refers to the order of the arrangement of materials, which reflects the author's thinking.The idea is the condition of arranging the structure.

1、思路的`含义

1. The meaning of thinking

思路是作者思维活动的路线，是作者在头脑中梳理、组织内容材料的过程和结果。它是作者对客观事物自身条理性的观察、理解。

The idea is the process and result of the author's thinking activity, the process and result of the author's combing and organizing content materials in the mind.It is the author's reasonable observation and understanding of objective things itself.

作者思路清晰，结构必然有条不紊；作者思路不清晰，结构必然紊乱。经过选择的材料，只有经过合理的组织安排，使之条理化、系统化，组成一个有机的整体，才能准确鲜明地表现既定的主题。

The author's thinking is clear, the structure must be methodical; the author's thinking is unclear, and the structure must be disordered.After the selected materials, only by reasonable organizational arrangements to make it physiological and systematic, and form an organic whole, can we accurately and clearly express the established themes.

2、思路与结构的关系

2. The relationship between thinking and structure

在写作构思阶段，作者的思维活动异常活跃。确立主题，选择好材料，并进而考虑如何表达主题和如何安排材料，由此逐渐形成一条清晰、连贯、独到的思维活动路线——思路。此时，文章的大体框架已在作者的头脑中“闪现”出来。等到作者用书面语言把思路表达出来时，文章的结构也就具体安排好了。因此，作者思路与文章结构的关系极为密切。具体表现为以下三点：

At the stage of writing, the author's thinking activities are extremely active.Establish the theme, choose good materials, and then consider how to express the theme and how to arrange materials, thereby gradually forming a clear, coherent and unique thinking movement line -thinking.At this time, the general framework of the article has "flashed" in the author's mind.When the author expresses his mind in writing, the structure of the article will be arranged in detail.Therefore, the relationship between the author's thinking and the structure of the article is extremely close.The specific manifestation is the following three points:

（１）思路是形成结构的基础和内核。结构是文章最主要的表现形式。要使结构完整、严谨、匀称，动笔前，就需要作者匠心独运，形成清晰、连贯并具独创性的思路，进而“外化”成纲目清晰、严谨周密的结构。但是，文章反映客观事物，决不是对其原始形态的简单搬抄和复制，而是在符合客观事物发展规律基础上的主观创造。因此，不同的作者。不同的文体有不同的思路。思路开阔而有创见，文章的结构就新颖独特；思路狭窄而落俗，会使文章的结构板滞僵死；思路紊乱，文章的条理就必然不清；思路松散，文章的结构就不可能严密紧凑。

(1) The idea is the foundation and core of the structure.The structure is the main form of the article.In order to make the structure complete, rigorous, and evenly, before writing, the author needs to be alone to form a clear, coherent and original idea, and then "externalize" a clear and rigorous structure.However, the article reflects objective things, and it is by no means a simple copy and replication of its original form, but a subjective creation based on the laws of the development of objective things.Therefore, different authors.Different styles have different ideas.The thinking is wide and creative, and the structure of the article is novel and unique; the narrow thinking will make the structure of the article stagnate; the thinking is disordered, and the articles are bound to be unclear.Essence

（２）结构是思路的体现和反映。结构是思路的外显形式和文字载体。思路严密清晰，文章结构才能完整、严谨、清晰，主题才能得以准确地表达；思路紊乱、疏漏和闭塞，文章则会逻辑混乱、言而无序、首尾不能圆合。

(2) Structure is the embodiment and reflection of ideas.Structure is the form and text carrier of ideas.Thinking and clear thinking, the structure of the article can be complete, rigorous, and clear, and the theme can be accurately expressed; disturbances, omissions and occlusion of the mind, the article will be logically chaotic, disorderly, and cannot be rounded.

2.了解锻炼思路的基本要求及锻炼思路的方法

2. Understand the basic requirements of exercise ideas and methods of exercise ideas

（１）注意思路的条理性和逻辑性，使之清晰、周密、连贯。清晰，指展开思路要有顺序、有层次，同时对材料要加以区分和归类。周密，指思路要周到、严密，没有疏漏和缺损，不要顾此失彼，自相矛盾。连贯，指思维活动过程及其表达不仅要注意外在的次序，而且要处理好各个意思之间存在的衔接、并列、转折、因果、总分等内在联系，做到气脉贯通、流畅。

(1) Pay attention to the rules and logic of ideas, make it clear, thorough, and coherent.Clear, refers to the order and layers of the development of the thinking, and at the same time distinguish and classify the materials.Throughout the mind, it is thoughtful and strict, without omissions and defects. Don't take care of each other and contradict each other.Coherence, refers to the process of thinking activities and its expression not only pay attention to the external order, but also to deal with the internal connection, tideline, turning, cause and effect, and total scores of the existence of each meaning, so as to achieve qi pulse and smoothness.

（２）注意思路的灵活性、独创性，使之活跃、开阔、敏捷。活跃与开阔，是指思路的开展要打破思维定势，进行多向探索，使之灵活、新颖而富有个性。敏捷是指思路的展开、梳理直至成型这一过程应该灵敏、迅速，使文章结构紧凑、气势流转而顺畅。

(2) Pay attention to the flexibility and originality of ideas to make it active, open, and agile.Activity and openness refers to the development of thinking to break the determination of thinking and carry out multi -directional exploration to make it flexible and novel.Agile refers to the development and combing process of thinking until the process of forming should be sensitive and rapid, making the structure compact, moving and smooth.

（３）养成良好的思维习惯。一是养成有序思考问题的习惯，由浅入深、由表及里、由此及彼。二是加强逻辑思维能力的训练。应用写作主要靠逻辑思维，要遵循“提出问题——分析问题——解决问题”这一认识规律。

(3) Develop good thinking habits.The first is to develop the habit of thinking in an orderly thinking, from shallow to deep, from the table and inside, and from this.The second is to strengthen the training of logical thinking ability.Application writing mainly depends on logical thinking. It is necessary to follow the law of "asking questions -analyzing problems -solving problems".

（４）写作前要通盘思考，立足于写作意图、目的和所用文体特点，确定如何起笔，主体分几个部分展开，怎样收尾。

(4) Thinking about it before writing, based on writing intention, purpose, and style characteristics, determine how to start, the subject is in several parts, and how to end.

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